Self-image, comparison and social pressure

Adolescence is a critical period for the development of self-esteem and personal identity. Social media can intensify this vulnerability by constantly exposing young people to idealised images and lifestyles.

Today, adolescents compare themselves not only with peers, but with a global audience. Filtered photos, edited bodies and curated portrayals of success promote unrealistic standards. This constant comparison has been associated with lower self-esteem, increased anxiety, body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms.

How parents can help

• Encourage open conversations about the unrealistic nature of online content

• Promote exposure to diverse and positive role models

• Reinforce self-worth based on abilities, effort and personal values, not appearance

• Support confidence-building activities outside the digital environment

Impact on social relationships

While social media facilitates communication, it may also replace deeper, face-to-face interactions. Digital communication can be more superficial and may increase the risk of misunderstandings, social exclusion and cyberbullying.

Excessive screen time can also reduce meaningful family interaction and limit opportunities to develop essential social skills such as empathy, emotional regulation and conflict resolution.

Supporting healthy relationships

• Establish screen-free moments at home

• Encourage in-person social activities

• Promote participation in sports, cultural or community groups

• Maintain a supportive parental presence without excessive monitoring

Sleep, attention and academic performance

Heavy use of social media, particularly in the evening, has been linked to sleep disturbances. Screen exposure, constant notifications and the pressure to stay connected can interfere with natural sleep rhythms.

Sleep deprivation negatively affects mood, concentration, memory and academic performance, and may increase irritability and emotional instability.

Practical strategies

• Set clear limits for device use before bedtime

• Avoid mobile phones in bedrooms

• Create consistent bedtime routines

• Lead by example as adults

Exposure to online risks

Digital platforms may expose adolescents to inappropriate content, misinformation, risky challenges or contact with strangers. Limited digital literacy can increase vulnerability to these risks.

Rather than strict control, prevention relies on education, trust and open communication.

Protective strategies

• Teach basic online safety and privacy rules

• Monitor changes in behaviour, mood or social withdrawal

• Encourage adolescents to seek help when something feels uncomfortable

• Be aware of warning signs associated with mental health difficulties

Managing screen time

Reducing screen time should not be perceived as punishment, but as a way to promote balance and self-regulation. Clear, negotiated boundaries help adolescents develop autonomy and responsibility.

Helpful approaches

• Establish daily limits for social media use

• Use screen-time monitoring tools

• Introduce family challenges without digital devices

• Encourage offline activities aligned with adolescents’ interests

• Clearly explain the reasons behind any limits

The positive side of social media

Despite the risks, social media also offers positive opportunities. These platforms can provide access to educational resources, creative expression, supportive communities and social causes.

When used mindfully and in moderation, social media can foster learning, connection and a sense of belonging.

Conclusion

The impact of social media on adolescent mental health is complex and multifaceted. Rather than demonising technology, the focus should be on promoting conscious, critical and balanced use.

Open dialogue, accurate information and active involvement from parents and caregivers are key to helping adolescents navigate the digital world safely. Rules imposed without communication may weaken relationships, whereas trust and emotional closeness support healthy development and resilience.

Sources

This article is based on scientific evidence and international guidelines from organisations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), UNICEF, Royal College of Psychiatrists, and research published in peer-reviewed journals including The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, JAMA Pediatrics and the Journal of Adolescent Health.